Tuesday, January 28, 2020
The impact Divorce has on children Essay Example for Free
The impact Divorce has on children Essay Abstract      Divorce affects children in a different way, depending on their gender, age as well as stage of development. Their world, their security and their constancy seems to fall apart when their parents get divorced. This paper discusses the universal responses that researchers have found among children of divorce, furthermore, recommendations for divorces parents have been discussed as well. The reference page appends 6 sources in APA format. Introduction Family is the place to which everyone belongs and where everyone begins life, thus it is the pillar of a society. The flourishing and prosperity of an individual and family depends upon the close relationship and belongings with other family members. But this family starts suffering when the parents reject each other by divorce or getting separated or never come close to each other.  The impact Divorce has on children Since many divorcing families include children, therefore because of this rejection, the children are the first ones who get affected. Their strength does not get developed as it must have to be resulting in weakness of their character building and which is obvious from addictions, deprivation, abuse and failure. The children thrive when there is a strong relationship between their parents but when the parents divorce or walk away from each other many children wilt and not thrive as much as when their parents were together and belonged to each other. Children whose parents get separated start feeling vulnerable since beginning of the divorce. They feel bereavement due to the disintegration of the intact family. There are some children who are not aware of the trouble going on between their parents, so they feel a great pain and feeling of powerlessness because they lose the non-custodial parents, this all results in reaction in the form of severe anger. (Clarke, 1995)            Other than grief and further traumatic events, children start noticing the impetuous beginning of transformation in their lives, and also experience the dissolving of normal and usual systems, which are distinctive to divorcing families            The divorcing parents are often worried about their children that what would be the effect on them. Although parents are more concerned about their own problems during that period, they are the most important people in the lives of their children.            Children are consistently scared and puzzled about the threats of their protection and security, whether parents get relieved or devastated from this divorce. For few parents, divorce overwhelms and hurts them so much that they possibly turn to their children for ease and comfort. Parents must explain their children the whole situation that what is going to happen to them and how they are involved so that children should not misinterpret divorce. Children might start acting in the manner that is troublesome and irritating for the beginning few years of divorce. (Amato, 1991) Most of the parents perceive divorce as their issue that the other person has done wrong and it is impossible for him or her to live with that person. By doing this they are actually ignoring their children. Their marital relationship experience inconsistency of loyalty it has extensive implications for children friends, extended families and others. Some of the points of views of children in divorcing families are discussed below. The children of a divorcing family are well aware of the disturbance and change caused by the divorce and they know that the past will not come again and nothing will be same again. All the things will get change including their time table will change and all the contacts with the other relatives will lose resulting in upheaval.            Children in a divorcing family fear that if they will lose one of their parents due to divorce, they might lose the other. So they are threatened of being left alone in the world. They also fear of losing the strong relationship they have with their relatives, siblings, friends and especially their parents to whom they are naturally attached. Being attached to all these since their birth, it is very difficult for them to adjust in the new surroundings and forget the previous ones easily. Since divorce is followed by the number of years stress and tension between the two partners, both parents want to turn their child towards them and against the other and it is a very difficult situation for that child. (Pfeffe, 1981) Why children are influenced by Divorce            Due to divorce, children whole world is changed and their lives become unstable. Divorce affect varies from children gender, age, personality, the support provided by the family and friends and their stage of development. Parents must make sure that the development of their children should not get affected and does not face any conflict, for that they have to make arrangements on childcare and parenting.            Since infants don’t know much about the situation, they only react to parents’ indifferent mood and changed energy level. While preschool children within 3 to 5 years of age mostly believe that they are the main cause of their parents’ divorce. This age children are threatened of being deserted and left alone. They might start acting like small babies and start denying the change which has come to them. They may get stubborn, disobedient, dishearten, aggressive and annoyed. It is very difficult for the school going children to adjust easily for the divorce.            It is very difficult for the school going children to adjust easily for the divorce. Although they are old enough to realize and are hurt because of their parents’ divorce, but too young to manage their pains and control their reactions. (Roman, 1978)            They feel great anger, discomfiture, resentment, grief, and divided loyalty. This age children continue hoping that their parents might recoup again. Children of elementary age feel themselves rejected by their divorced parents. Adolescent children in divorcing families also experience aloneness, stress, anger, embarrassment and anger. They are forcibly put into adulthood if they have younger siblings and they want to take their responsibility. Some adolescents take control of the family by responding to their parents’ high stress level and low energy level. They might feel doubtful of their own capabilities to handle their own married life and decide not to get married. They understand the main cause of their parents’ separation. The potential of teens to keep in mind the stress and conflict of divorce may get in the way to the potential to help the family to cope up. Boys in a divorcing family experience more difficulties than girls. In school going children girls possibly experience stress and depression, while boys prove to be more aggressive and use to quarrel on foolish things. But in adolescence, as a whole both girls and boys possibly engage in abusive activities and experience great depression. Getting involved in sexual activities is one of the habits being adopted by the adolescent girls. These types of habits can have a great influence on their entering into the workforce and completion of their school studies. On the other hand boys of this age are involved in taking abusive substances and drugs, make abusive friends and show the wrong attitude. Teen age boys are likely to become parents by getting involved in the sexual activities. This all is observed mainly when the boys are raised by the mothers and girls are raised by fathers.            The children usually feel insecure and are angry about their parents’ separations but sometimes do not express their anger. They feel themselves helpless when they realize that their parents would not come back together. They have a feeling that may be parents have no more love for them and may be they have also being divorced by their parents. While children are raised by the parents of opposite gender, that is girls being looked after their mothers and boys by their father, prove to do better than the previous ones.            Girls being looked after by their mothers prove to be more mature dependable and responsible then being raised by fathers since they are strongly attached and influenced by their mothers. While boys raised by fathers are less aggressive and help their fathers in their work.            Some children in a divorcing family prove to be exceptionally resilient individual since they have faced such kind of challenges and responsibilities due to divorce. Due to such kinds of experiences they prosper and a very strong relationship is being developed among the children and the spouse, with whom they are living. It happens mostly with the girls living with their mothers.            Many children have a belief that they are the main cause of the divorce and can bring their parents back together. For this sometimes they sacrifice their own lives. The effect in the academics is one of the most important impacts on the children in a divorcing family. Even if they are best in studies and always score good grades, during and after the period of their parents separation their grades tend to decrease and they give poorer result. This difference is obvious from the children overall performance. Parents and teachers have to analyze the main problem and help their child to cope us with it and improve his performance but mostly what happens is that they underestimate those children.            Because of this ignorance they are involved in bad habits and their behavior starts getting changed and they spend less time in school and more time with their abusive peers. This happens mostly with boys whose behavior change into more aggressiveness.            While girls are distressed from the current situation are not able to give concentration on their studies and also not giving their 100% effort. If this continues for children, it affects their lives and they never achieve any success in future.            The children usually feel rejected, insecure, torn between parents and are angry about their parents’ separations but sometimes do not express their anger. They feel themselves helpless when they realize that their parents would not come back together. They have a feeling that may be parents have no more love for them and may be they have also being divorced by their parents. They mourn and grieve since they feel that they are at a great loss and feel guilty for the whole situation. They feel that they would also do the same in their lives and they would not prove to be good parents when they will get married. This reduces their confidence and they stop taking part in activities other than academics or even academics. They think that their friends would make joke of them and their family which loses their confidence and thus cannot talk with others eye to eye. Divorce, if not handled carefully can have bad effects which cannot be controlled. Divorce requires rebuilding the family since beginning and it is in the hand of parents that hot they restructure the whole family, and if it is not maintained effectively it produces adverse effects. Parents should give special care to children especially on occasions such as their birthdays and religious holidays, if not, and then children might feel insecurity so parents should not forget their responsibility and they should not let their child feel that he is alone in this world. (William, 1998)            Step families, either step father or mother is the main threat for children, especially for young aged children. Mostly it has been observed that step father or mother do not give attention and care to their step children, in fact they sometimes start hating them. This also let the children to feel insecure. If there are any step brothers or sisters, and children try to make relationship with them or live their lives as how their step siblings are living, they fail to do so which results in aggression, stress and anger and involving in the bad habits. Recommendations for parents Speak to family regarding your concerns linked to the divorce. This will facilitate them realize what is going on. Spend regular time with your children. Maintain a familiar routine as much as possible. Keep your commitments and the promises you make to your children. If your children have pre-existing psychological, expressive or emotional troubles Look for recommendation and consultation from a qualified health care expert Perform a kind, however firm, style of discipline. Admit children’s approach of annoyance. Facilitate them find satisfactory ways of expressing this annoyance without hurting themselves, other people, animals, or belongings. Give the nurturing and love that your children require, whereas setting firm limits on fierceness and other unsuitable performance. Express that you are concerned in your childs views, however make it obvious that parents are in charge for the judgments. This can be a great support and can help you deal successfully with your kids and partner. If you cant or dont know how to make things better for your child, dont make matters worse. Build as only some changes as probable. This will aid your kid feel that, regardless of the difficulties, loved ones still care regarding them and that life can be rationally standard. It takes more than 2 years for kids to adjust to their parents’ divorce. Considerate and keeping in close contact with your children, you will assist them develop into well-adjusted and creative adults by means of love. (Hetherington, 1998) Conclusion            Divorce is the collapsing of married couple and their family. For children it is very difficult to absorb their parent’s divorce. In support of obvious reasons, divorce appears to be very stressful for children. This trauma results in long term behavioral change which is atypical unmanageable, and conceivably continual and persistent. For children, divorce is a severely traumatic experience irrespective of their development stage and age group. Most of the children are already prepared for their parents’ separation as they are well aware of the situation and thus are ready for the impending divorce And those who are not prepared, for them and their lives divorce plays a devastating role. It usually takes 2 to 3 years or more for children to get adjust to their parents’ divorce. Parents can help out their children to become well established and productive adults, by giving them love, caring, understanding and getting in touch and having close relations with their children, References            Pfeffer, C.R. (1981). Developmental issues among children of separation and divorce In: I.R. Stuart L.E. Abt (Eds.). Children of separation and divorce: Management and treatment (pp. 20-32). Atlanta: Van Nostrand Reinhold.            Roman, M., and Haddad, W. (1978). The disposable parent. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Wilson.            Amato, Paul R., Keith, Bruce. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26-46.            Clarke, S. C. (1995). Advanced report of final marriage statistics: 1989 and 1990. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 43(12) Supplement.            Hetherington, E. Mavis; Bridges, Margaret; Insabella, Glendessa M. (1998). What matters? What does not? Five perspectives on the association between marital transitions and childrens adjustment. American Psychologist, 53(2), 167-184.            Jeynes, William H. (1998). Does divorce or remarriage have the greater negative impact on the academic achievement of children? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 29(1-2), 79-100.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Jamestown Essay -- essays research papers
Jamestown      In the sixteenth century, England was one of the most powerful countries in the world. England was also in dire need of money at this time. In an effort to alleviate the country’s financial burdens, King Henry VIII decided to seize land owned by the Catholic Church. Henry then sold the already inhabited land to investors, and its residents were forced out. These people and their descendants would eventually become some of the fortune-seeking colonists that would settle America during England’s try at Imperialism.      In the early 1600’s England need money once again, and this time it decided to by settling the new land to the west of them. Instead of actually funding these colonial expeditions, England would issue charters to joint – stock companies. These companies consisted of wealthy English investors who would all give some money to finance the trips and would share in the riches if they succeeded or lost their money of they failed. Most of the time the benefits of their investments would outweigh the risks. For England, this was a win-win situation. Since England did not pay for the voyages or the colonies themselves, England wouldn’t lose the money if they failed. If the companies succeeded, England was entitled to a percentage of the profits and became its ultimate authority.      England’s first colony was established in 1607 by a joint – stock company, and was named Jamesto...
Sunday, January 12, 2020
In a Dark Time by Theodore Roethke Essay
In the first stanza of the poem â€Å"In a Dark Time†, the reader gets the sense that not only is the author describing himself using â€Å"dark†visuals including â€Å"shadow†and â€Å"shade†, but that he is using natural scenery as well in order to set the audience up for the rest of the poem. The same line that contains those visuals also would seem to impart a certain time of day, dusk. This could also be thought of as a way for the reader to get a sense of where the author is at, reflecting on his own mind. This idea is furthered by the statements of â€Å"meeting his (own) shadow†, and when he hears his own shadow. The second stanza really goes into a faster pace, as the author begins to describe to the reader his inner feelings. By questioning his own definition of madness, and going into despair, he shows the reader that part of his mind is very confused, yet he knows that he is in the middle of whatever is going on. Again he questions, is his place in the â€Å"rocks†a cave or path, and he states that â€Å"The edge is what I have. †which seems like a way for him to again be in the middle of his situation. The third stanza continues with the natural descriptions of being outside in a natural setting during the night, or perhaps during an eclipse. Again, this could be just another way for the author to let his audience know what frame of mind his is in. Referring to the title of the poem, â€Å"In a Dark Time†, it would make sense that this writing is coming from the author during a time in his life in which he was questioning himself. This line of thinking continues to be the main point as he goes on to say, â€Å"A man goes far to find out what he is -, Death of the self in a long, tearless night,†. Whatever has happened to the author, he is unsure of himself and the changes that are occurring in his life at that moment. In the fourth stanza, he still proclaims how confused he his with himself, by the statement â€Å"Which I is I? †The reader is left to contemplate where the author’s sense of self lies. The last three lines seem to show that the author has decided to have his mind come together and be one with itself, which leaves the author to be â€Å"free in the tearing wind. â€
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Patalogy of the Central Nevrvous System Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology of the Central Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that commonly found in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40. While men with MS tend to have a faster progressing disease, women are more likely than men to develop it. MS comes in many forms due to the extent of the damage and the amount of lesions, along with how quickly it progresses. All of this collectively forms the MS community today and has resulted in new test methods and forms of treatment developed to both help relieve the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. This research paper will go through what causes a person to develop MS, what is going on within the body that causes the symptoms people experience,†¦show more content†¦MS lesions occur where there is damage to oligodendrocytes, changes in myelin composition, considerable loss to neurons over a period of time, and brain atrophy and can occur in either white or gray matter. MS also has shor t-lived attacks of neurological deficits that are temporary and correlated with worsening symptoms. These attacks are reversible and are a result of a block of conduction in axons that are partially demyelinated. The cause of these short-lived attacks is a slight increase in body temperature or hypocalcaemia, which in turn causes increased leakage through the demyelinated axons. Both emotional and physical stresses are triggers because the functional demands of the body exceed the capabilities of the nervous system. Suck attacks of more severe symptoms can last weeks or months and can lead to the progression of MS symptoms (p.397). The diverse stages of MS lesions are responsible for the varying symptoms seen across the MS community. Overall, MS results in irreversible damage to the CNS and results in lesions throughout the nervous system that cause multiple symptoms and issues depending on how much it has developed and the rate at which it is progressing. Assessment Findings Subjective Findings There are many symptoms that occur in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis, because lesions progress differently and as damage gets more significant there are new symptoms that occur. Subjective findings are based on what a patient would
Friday, December 27, 2019
What Is Macroeconomic Depiction - 1531 Words
Data and Methodology Data Data Depiction We built our model by exploiting data across 22 years, from both macro and micro indicators of the economy at the city level and country level to get a more comprehensive test. Including interest rates and two of the most commonly tracked macroeconomic indictors namely, inflation and unemployment rate at the country level. Moreover, at city level the house prices and affordability were expended. To account for interest rates the short-run interest rates are used which are set by The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee which is a main contributor to the overall economy and influences the investment decisions in the housing market, and is commonly used in this line of research (Chen and†¦show more content†¦The data used for the purpose of this research for the house price determinants comprising, the house price index, affordability index, unemployment rate, interest rates and consumer price index and lucky all are available from the same online source namely, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database, and for the same periods of time covered, although the affordability measure was retrieved from Nationwide’s online database. All the data of the house price determinants are converted to their natural logarithms form. Time Series Properties of the Variables It is a well-known fact that most economic and particularly macroeconomic time series have been found to be nonstationary, requiring differencing to induce stationarity, this is reinforced by the fact that a study regarding the distribution of test statistics of a time series as early as the year 1942, (Anderson, 1942). Hence, several tests were composed most popularly the Phillips-Perron test (Phillips and Perron, 1988), KPSS test (Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (1992)) and the augmented Dickey-Fuller test (Dickey and Fuller; 1979, 1981). Several drawbacksShow MoreRelatedOperation Managment1062 Words  | 5 Pagesglow with newfound profits, and unemployment dips to lows not seen in a decade. But in the smokestack citadels, there’s disquiet. Too many machine-tool and auto parts factories are silent; too many U.S. industries still can’t hold their own. What went wrong since the heyday of the 1960s? That’s the issue Max Holland, a contributing editor of The Nation, takes up in his nutsy-boltsy but fascinating study, When the Machine Stopped. The focus of the story is Burgmaster Corp., a Los Angeles–areaRead MoreTake Home Examination : Macroeconomics By Alex Prindle1328 Words  | 6 PagesTake Home Examination 1 Macroeconomics by Alex Prindle 1. (10 points) What will be the expected changes to GDP in the next year? Explain by giving details about the impacts, if any, on C, I, G, and NX. Discuss the impact on real GDP vs. nominal GDP. The GDP should go up overall. The area of consumption should increase overall GDP, because when there are more jobs available and there is a great amount of job growth, more people will consume durable and non-durable goods. It states in the secondRead MoreUnequal Distribution of Wealth Essay1487 Words  | 6 Pagesgoods and services. This is a good indicator of what the country is like in relation to their products being sold. 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Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1124 Words
Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury About the author: Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920 in in Waukegan, Illinois. He died on June 5th, 2012. Ray Bradbury s work has been included in four Best American Short Story collections. He has been awarded the O. Henry Memorial Award, the Benjamin Franklin Award, the World Fantasy Award for Lifetime Achievement, the Grand Master Award from the Science Fiction Writers of America, the PEN Center USA West Lifetime Achievement Award, and many others. Historical Information about the setting: This book is set somewhere is the US in the future, during a war. This war is declared toward the end of the book. It does not affect the characters until the end, when the enemy bombs the city. Montag and his new friends see the bombings and head out in search for survivors. Genre: Dystopian fiction, Sci-fi Qualities of the genre: A dystopia is a futuristic setting where everything is undesirable. A leader or leaders make things seem desirable and perfect, when they are not. Usually, the government has total control over the citizens. The protagonist questions the system and believes that something is wrong with it. In this book, Guy conforms to society until he burns a woman along with her books. He steals books and realizes that the system and norms that they follow are wrong. He then decides to do something about it and begins to read the books. Summary of the storyline: Guy Montag lives in a futuristic American city where literatureShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words  | 7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. 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Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new world through the character of Montage. Bradbury describes Montage’sRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words  | 10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinki ng too much, which in turn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. 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Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Construction Law and Legislation †Free Samples to Students
Question: Discuss about the Construction Law and Legislation. Answer: Introduction: A law is defined as a rule that is made by the legitimate authority and is applicable to all. The laws are created to ensure that members of the society are aware of their obligations and their rights. The legal system of Australia considers all people as equal. The legal systems of the country ensure that every person is treated fairly in the eyes of law (McKendrick 2014). The Australian legal system is derived from the legal system of United Kingdom and the foundation of the legal system is the Constitution of the Country. The laws in the country are made in the following ways: Law passed by the Parliaments known as statutory laws; Laws developed by the executives known as delegated legislation which includes regulations, ordinances, rules etc that is authorized by the Parliament and the statute law; Law made by judges or courts using precedents known as judge-made or common laws; The source from which the laws of the country are derived is explained with the help of the following diagram: In order to legislate laws, a bill is presented in the Parliament, which after being passed by majority in both the Houses of the Parliament becomes a statute. The citizens residing in the country elect members comprise the Commonwealth Parliament who passes the laws. The laws passed by the State/Territory government are elected by persons residing within that particular territory / state and are enrolled as voters. The local councilors who pass the by-laws, comprising the Local government, are elected by members who reside within the locality or own any businesses within such governmental area (Gardbaum 2014). Delegated legislation refers to the law that deals with the details about the operation of the Act. The statutes passed by the Parliament often include certain parts that empower the Government Minister or another executive member to deal with the particular aspect of the legislation. Common law system of law making came into existence before the incorporation of the parliamentary system. Theoretically, the legal system of Australia is described as nine legal systems and not one, thus, comprising eight Territory/State systems and one Federal system. Since the legal system of the country has adopted the concept of separation of powers according to which the government is divided into three, separate branches- the legislative, executive and judiciary. The function of the legislative branch is to formulate the laws; the function of the executive branch is to implement those laws; the judiciary is conferred with the power to interpret the laws with a view to administer justice (Horan and Goodman-Delahunty 2014.). The Constitution of the Country conferred power on the Commonwealth Australia to make laws in particular matters stipulated in the Constitution. Such matters include defense, external affairs, taxation, trade and commerce (Rosenbloom 2016). On the other hand, the States and Territories have been conferred with independent legislative power for the matters that is not dealt with by the Commonwealth Australia. Some organizations and people such as the courts and tribunals, government departments, Ministers and police plays a significant role in the legal system of the country. The judicial system of the country comprises several courts that are conferred with the power to interpret the laws and administer justice. The hierarchy consists of various courts and tribunals at both the federal state and territory levels, with the High Court being the apex court in the legal system of the country. High Court of Australia In Australia, the High Court is considered as the apex court, which deals with matters related to the Constitution, and entertains appeal from the State or the Federal Courts. Federal Court of Australia the Federal Court of Australia comprises an appellate division and two divisions with original jurisdictions. The appellate division hears appeal from the division of the courts having original jurisdiction. It further entertains appeal from the State and Territory courts in respect of cases where the Federal Courts have exercised its jurisdiction. The two divisions of the original jurisdiction in the Federal Court include the General Division and Industrial Division. The General Division deals with matters related to the taxation, bankruptcy and the Industrial Division resolves Federal Industrial issues. Family Court Of Australia the Family Court of the country deals with maintenance of spouse and child, child custody, divorce cases. Several Family Court cases are resolved through mediation and counseling a service that is offered by the Court. The Full Court of the Family Court also deals with appellate matters. There are three levels of courts that comprises in most State and Territories, which are as follows: Lower Courts the Lower courts deals with both civil and criminal matters and in some Territories and States, the courts deal with the criminal and civil matters separately. The courts deal with less serious crimes and the civil matters are limited by a dollar value specified by the Territory or State. Childrens Court the court has jurisdiction to deal with cases related to children other than the matters that involve serious criminal cases. A person is considered as a child if he/she is below 17 years and in criminal cases persons who are above 10 years old and under 17 years of age. The cases dealt with this court include car theft, child protection orders. Coroners court- this court deal with matters that are related to unnatural fires and deaths. The Coroner is empowered to order an inquest for determining the cause of such death or fire and may subject a suspect to trial on the grounds of manslaughter, arson or murder. Intermediate Courts- the intermediate state courts deals with cases that are of serious indictable nature, be it criminal cases or civil cases. Such cases are dealt with by the court depending on the range of dollar values. Superior Courts- the state superior courts are known as Supreme Courts that deals with criminal cases and civil case. The original jurisdiction of the court deals with matters that are of most serious nature such as treason, murder etc. The Civil cases dealt with by this court are restricted to the specified dollar value. The Supreme Courts are known as Court of record and such records can be used for future references. The Court of Appeal deals with appellate matters that are brought before it from the original cases in the lower courts and the Supreme Court. The common law in Australia is inherited from the English contract Law. A agreement that is entered in to by two parties with the legal intention to be bound by the terms of the agreement is considered to be a contract. A contract includes certain essential elements that renders a contract valid and make it enforceable in the court of law. Not all agreements are contracts but all contracts are agreements. Any agreement that is not enforceable in the court of law shall not be considered as a contract. The essential elements that must be present in order to render the contract to be valid are explained below: Agreement- there must be an agreement between the parties as an unilateral contract cannot be considered as a valid contract. Offer- a contract is said to be formed when an offeror makes an offer to the offeree and the offeree accepts such offer. An offer differs from an invitation to treat or offer. An offer may be made to any person, or a group of person or the world at large. An invitation to treat or an invitation to offer is a mere invitation where the parties to the contract are not legally bound by the terms of the contract. For instance, the goods displayed in the store is an example of an invitation to offer (Adriaanse 2016). An offer is a definite promise that binds the parties provided the parties accept the terms of the contract. An offer can be withdrawn before acceptance and in order to make such withdrawal effective, the person making such offer must communicate to the person whom the offer is made that the offer is being withdrawn. Acceptance- when the party to whom the offer is made accepts the offer either by way of an act or by way of a statement, the offer is aid to be accepted. Such acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and must not be unequivocal in nature. Legal intention- mere existence of an agreement and an acceptance of offer does not imply that a contract is formed. The parties entering into then contract must have legal intention to be bound by the terms of the contract. Consideration- it is the value paid for the promise made by the other party. Consideration may include some money, interest, right, benefit. The presence of consideration is essential to determine the adequacy of the contract (Andrews 2015). Capacity- the parties entering into contract must be of sound mine and legally competent to enter into contracts. Certainty- the contract must be certain and the terms of the contract must be clear and comprehensible and must have a binding effect upon the parties to the contract. Legal purpose- a contract in order to be valid must have a legal purpose otherwise, it shall not be enforceable in the court of law. For instance, contract-killing agreement is considered as an illegal agreement as the legal purpose of the contract is to kill a person, which is an illegal act. Legality of contracts Any agreement that violates the law and is forbidden by law is considered as void contract. An agreement that is illegal in nature cannot be enforceable in the court of law. A contract can be considered as illegal under the following circumstances: firstly, when the object of the contract is illegal and secondly, if the object of the contract is legal but the manner of creating the contract is illegal (Taylor and Taylor 2017). Any contract that is against the public policy is considered as illegal contracts and cannot be enforced in the court of law such as contracts formed to commit torts and crimes. If one party fails to carry out his/ her part of the obligation, the person is said to have committed a breach of contract. The party who suffers loss due to the breach of the contract caused by the infringing party is entitled to the following remedies. The aggrieved party may claim damages from the infringing party for loss suffered by him/her. The aggrieved party may obtain a court order of specific performance that compels the infringing party to perform the obligation required by the contract. The aggrieved party may obtain a court order to terminate the contract or amend any of the terms of the contract. However, any act that does not amount to a valid contract or is unenforceable in the court of law shall not be considered as valid. If the either parties to the contract fails to perform his/her part of the obligation that was required by the contract, such party cannot sued for non-performance and no recourse can be taken against such parties when the contract is illegal and unenforceable (Burrows 2016). In the given article, the woman Christine Ryder alleged that Kevin Reeves had committed a breach of contract the purpose of which was to hire a hit man and kill Christine Ryder. The court held that Reeves is entitled to pay compensation to Mrs. Ryder. In order to determine whether there was a breach of contract on part of Kevin Reeves, it is essential to assess whether there was a valid contract between the parties to the contract. As discussed earlier there are certain essential elements that must be present to render a contract as valid. Offer and acceptance- Mrs. Ryder made an offer to Reeves for hiring someone who killed her as she was too depressed any wanted to end her life. Reeves accepted the offer made by the claimant. This implies that there was an offer made which was accepted by the defendant. Consideration- Mrs. Ryder paid 5000 to Reeves who promised to hire a professional killer who would kill her. The other party paid a monetary value to the claimant. Certainty- the claimant was very clear that she wished to terminate her life and wanted to hire a professional killer who could help her in ending her life. Capacity- both the claimant and the defendant were under treatment for their mental problems so it could not be ascertained that they were legally competent to enter into the contract. Legal capacity includes majority and soundness of mind. Legal objective- the legal objective of any contract is essential to render it as a valid contract. If the purpose of the contract is against public policy, it shall be considered as an illegal contract. In the given scenario, the purpose of the contract was to kill Mrs. Ryder, which amounts to a crime and is against public policy. The act of killing someone in exchange of money is an offence and is against the public policy, therefore, a contract that purports to kill someone and is against public policy cannot be rendered as valid and is unenforceable in the court of law. Legal intention- the legal intention of parties is essential in forming a valid contract, as the parties to a contract must be legally bound by the terms of the contract. The binding effect of a contract upon the parties to a contract is evidence that the parties will perform their respective obligations. In the given scenario, Mrs. Ryder has been paying the claimant for getting herself killed but the claimant instead, usurped her money promising her to kill on the subsequent date. The conduct of the defendant establishes the fact that he had no legal intention to kill her neither he wanted to hire any hit man to kill her. Lack of intention is another essential element that must be present in order to make the contract enforceable in the court of law (Goldberger 2016). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be inferred that there was no valid contract formed between Mrs. Ryder and Kevin Reeves as there was no legal intention on part of Reeves to be bound by the terms of the offer made by Mrs. Ryder. Further, legal object of the contract was illegal, hence, not enforceable in the courts of law and Reeves may use the defense that he cannot be held liable for non-performance of a illegal and invalid contract. Reference List Adriaanse, M.J., 2016.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan. Andrews, N., 2015.Contract law. Cambridge University Press. Burrows, A., 2016. Illegality as a Defence in Contract.Browser Download This Paper. Cameron, S., 2014. Killing for money and the economic theory of crime.Review of Social Economy,72(1), pp.28-41. Cartwright, J., 2016.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Crompton, C., Dunwoody, D. and Tigar, H.J.S., 2015. Asserting or Defending Claim That Contract Is Illegal, Contrary to Public Policy, or Unconscionable.MB Practice Guide: CA Contract Litigation,2. Curtin, J., 2016. Australia.European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook,55(1), pp.14-21. Dellinger, M., 2016. Trophy Hunting Contracts: Unenforceable for Reasons of Public Policy.Colum. J. Envtl. L.,41, p.395. Forbus, J., 2015.Contract Killing in the Information Age. Lulu Press, Inc. Gardbaum, S., 2014. Separation of powers and the growth of judicial review in established democracies (or why has the model of legislative supremacy mostly been withdrawn from sale?).The American Journal of Comparative Law,62(3), pp.613-640. Goldberger, J., 2016. An overview of developments in key areas of Australian contract law.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,30(1), p.17. Goldberger, J., 2016. The restitutionary remedy in Australian law.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,30(3), p.14. Horan, J. and Goodman-Delahunty, J., 2014. Challenging the peremptory challenge system in Australia. Hughes, W., Champion, R. and Murdoch, J., 2015.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge. Jain, S., 2015. Types of Contracts: General and Specific Contracts. MacIntyre, D., Wilson, D., Yardley, E. and Brolan, L., 2014. The british hitman: 19742013.The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice,53(4), pp.325-340. McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Poole, J., 2016.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Radin, M.J., 2017. The Deformation of Contract in the Information Society.Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, p.gqx001. Rosenbloom, D.H., 2016. 3 Public Administration Theory, the Separation of Powers, and the Constitutional School.The Constitutional School of American Public Administration, p.57. Smits, J.M. ed., 2017.Contract law: a comparative introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing. Taylor, R. and Taylor, D., 2017.Contract Law Directions. oxford university press. Willmott, L., Christensen, S., Butler, D. and Dixon, B., 2013. Contract law. Wright, T., Ellinghaus, M.P. and Kelly, D., 2014. A Draft Australian Law of Contract.
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